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Dio Chrysostom
Dio Chrysostom (; (ギリシア語:Δίων Χρυσόστομος) ''Dion Chrysostomos''), Dion of Prusa or Dio Cocceianus (c. 40 – c. 115), was a Greek orator, writer, philosopher and historian of the Roman Empire in the 1st century. Eighty of his ''Discourses'' (or ''Orations''; ) are extant, as well as a few Letters and a funny mock essay "In Praise of Hair", as well as a few other fragments. His surname ''Chrysostom'' comes from the Greek ''chrysostomos'' (χρυσόστομος), which literally means "golden-mouthed". He should not be confused with the Roman historian Cassius Dio, nor with the 4th-century bishop John Chrysostom of Constantinople.
==Life==
He was born at Prusa (now Bursa) in the Roman province of Bithynia (now part of northwestern Turkey). His father, Pasicrates, seems to have bestowed great care on his son Dio's education and the early training of his mind. At first he occupied himself in his native place, where he held important offices, with the composition of speeches and other rhetorical and sophistical essays, but he later devoted himself with great zeal to the study of philosophy. He did not, however, confine himself to any particular sect or school, nor did he give himself up to any profound speculations, his object being rather to apply the doctrines of philosophy to the purposes of practical life, and more especially to the administration of public affairs, and thus to bring about a better state of things. The Stoic and Platonist philosophies, however, appear to have had the greatest charms for him.
He went to Rome during Vespasian's reign (69-79), by which time he seems to have got married and had a child.〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' xlvi. 13 )〕 He became a critic of the Emperor Domitian,〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' iii. 13 )〕 who banished him from Rome, Italy, and Bithynia in 82 for advising one of the Emperor's conspiring relatives.〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' xiii. 1 )〕 On the advice of the Delphic oracle,〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' xiii. 9 )〕 he put on the clothes of a beggar,〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' xiii. 11 )〕 and with nothing in his pocket but a copy of Plato's Phaedo and Demosthenes's oration on the ''Embassy'', he lived the life of a Cynic philosopher, undertaking a journey to the countries in the north and east of the Roman empire. He thus visited Thrace, Mysia, Scythia, and the country of the Getae,〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' xii. 16 )〕 and owing to the power and wisdom of his orations, he met everywhere with a kindly reception, and did much good.〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' xxxvi. ); comp. (''Orat.'' xiii. 11 ff. )〕 He was a friend of Nerva,〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' xlv. 2 )〕 and when Domitian was murdered in 96 AD, Dio used his influence with the army stationed on the frontier in favour of Nerva. Under Emperor Nerva's reign, his exile was ended, and he was able to return home to Prusa. He adopted the surname Cocceianus in later life to honour the support given to him by the emperor,〔Pliny, ''Epistles,'' x. 85, 86〕 whose full name was Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Nerva's successor, Trajan, entertained the highest esteem for Dio,〔Dio Chrysostom, (''Orat.'' iii. 2 )〕 and showed him the most marked favour. His kindly disposition gained him many eminent friends, such as Apollonius of Tyana and Euphrates of Tyre, and his oratory the admiration of all. In his later life Dio had considerable status in Prusa, and there are records of him being involved in an urban renewal lawsuit about 111.〔 He probably died a few years later.
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